Cardiac
http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/25/6/1561.full
Hamid R. Tahmasebpour, BSc, RDMS ; Anne R. Buckley, MD ; Peter L. Cooperberg, MD ; Cathy H. Fix, RDMS
1 From the Department of Radiology, St Paul’s Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6 (H.R.T., P.L.C., C.H.F.); the Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (H.R.T.); and the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada (A.R.B.). Recipient of a Certificate of Merit award and an Excellence in Design award for an education exhibit at the 2003 RSNA Annual Meeting. Received February 2, 2004; revision requested March 29; final revision received May 18, 2005; accepted May 20. All authors have no financial relationships to disclose.
Ultrasonography (US) of the carotid arteries is a common imaging study performed for diagnosis of carotid artery disease. In the United States, carotid US may be the only diagnostic imaging modality performed before carotid endarterectomy. Therefore, the information obtained with carotid US must be reliable and reproducible. Technical parameters that can affect the accuracy of carotid US results include the Doppler angle, sample volume box, color Doppler sampling window, color velocity scale, and color gain. Important factors in diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease of the extracranial carotid arteries are the intima-media thickness, plaque morphology, criteria for grading stenosis, limiting factors such as the presence of dissection or cardiac abnormalities, distinction between near occlusion and total occlusion, and the presence of a subclavian steal. Challenges to the consistency of carotid US results may include lack of a standard protocol, poor Doppler technique, inexperience in interpretation of hemodynamic changes reflected in the Doppler waveform, artifacts, and physical challenges. Hindrances in the classification of problematic carotid artery stenoses may be overcome by following a standard protocol and optimizing scanning techniques and Doppler settings.
